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Working Out The Issues With CRISPR

August 16, 2018 by Ivana De Domenico

CRISPR is an enzyme developed by scientists in an effort to remove potentially harmful genetic traits and paste the remaining sequences together. During the 1980s, researchers discovered that bacteria protect themselves by cutting and pasting themselves. When bacteria identify viral RNA molecules within its DNA, the Cas enzyme grabs the anomaly and divides it in two to prevent reproduction. Scientists called the act clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR for short. However, as researchers attempted to replicate the process in the laboratory, they uncovered problems.

The CRISPR discovery gave researchers hope that they had uncovered an innovative means of editing DNA. If scientists could use the technique, they dreamed that the abnormal DNA sequences that cause a number of disease processes might be effectively removed to prevent their development. However, as research and experimentation continued, CRISPR caused gaps in the cell’s genome. Scientists from the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Great Britain published the finding in an issue of “Nature Biotechnology” explaining that potential drawbacks of CRISPR have not been formally noted.

In a laboratory setting, researchers used the Cas-9 enzyme to remove a specific gene in the embryonic stem cells of a mouse. However, the process did not go as predicted. The group soon found that large sequences of DNA were missing. If the scientists were using traditional methods of assessing the DNA sequences, they may not have discovered the error. The billions of altered cells could have devastating effects that might include making them susceptible to cancer development.

The study showed that researchers need to assess larger strands of DNA to determine why CRISPR did not perform as hoped. Instead of cutting one strand of the gene, the team cut both strands of the double helix, which was one of the reasons for the error. They also need to find ways to prevent the cellular DNA from attempting to repair itself, which led to the problem.

Representatives of companies using CRISPR reported that their scientists had not encountered the problem with the techniques they used. As such, the study did not make an impact on their research. However, the published findings caused an immediate and substantial financial loss for several CRISPR companies.

The drawbacks did not dismay the Wellcome Sanger scientists. They explain that new discoveries are not without problems. The group plans to continue working on the project and making improvements so that one day the technology might be a successful medical tool.

Using CRISPR To Detect Diseases

May 25, 2018 by Ivana De Domenico

The genome editing tool CRIPSR was introduced to promote a new phase in genetic technology, but the tool is being adapted for another purpose. It may now be possible to use CRISPR to diagnose patients, giving doctors the ability to detect diseases and various medical conditions much sooner. This is exciting, because earlier detection means medical conditions can be treated before they worsen, which improves the chances of full recovery.
Jennifer Doudna, a researcher at the University of California at Berkeley, helped to found the company responsible for CRIPSR. She is also on the team behind this new application for the tool. In conjunction with Doudna, a University of California at Berkeley researcher, Mammoth Biosciences has announced plans to create easy to use diagnostic kits using Crispr technology. Once released, the kits could allow the early diagnosis of diseases in hospitals and even at home.
CRISPR is programmed to identify a specific piece of DNA and, when used in conjunction with certain proteins, it can actually repair genetic defects. Researchers hope this technology will advance to the point at which it will also be able to cure diseases in a similar way. When combined with the Cas12 or Cas13 proteins, CRISPR can already identify DNA left behind by viruses. In this way, it can possibly detect the Zika virus and some types of cancer.
Doudna isn’t alone. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University are each working on similar technologies. It will remain to be seen who perfects the application first, though papers have already been published to demonstrate that the technology does work. In Doudna’s paper, she found that the CRISPR-Cas12 system could spot the HPV virus. In her research, Doudna used a “reporter molecule” that exhibits a fluorescent signal once cut. She released the molecule into vials of human cells and found that only those cells infected with HPV glowed.
Meanwhile, the MIT group published a paper revealing that the CRISPR could be adapted to detect multiple diseases at once. Led by Feng Zhang, the MIT researchers also said that the kit could be manufactured for as little as $2 per test. This would go a long way toward helping people in low-income countries, where access to advanced diagnostic equipment is limited.
If CRISPR technology can be adapted in this way, it could change how we treat diseases. By treating illnesses sooner and more inexpensively, quality healthcare becomes more widely available.

Ivana De Domenico

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